August 29, 2016 / como / 0 Comments
INTRODUCTION
Declination of social transformation as a core function of education was presented in the report of the Indian Education Commission (1964-66), as follows:
“Implementation of the country’s aspirations to change the knowledge, skills and values of people in general. The changes in large-scale ‘is to be achieved without a violent revolution is the only tool that can be used – Education.”
Education: —
Education is the power of mind, knowing it is practiced purposefully and effectively.
Education discipline the mind, sharpens the intellect and improves the spirit. It creates and polishes rough diamonds known in multidimensional kohinoor sparkling with scintillating brilliance. Her development of an integrated personality, which itself is the ultimate wisdom. Its a continuous process.
Philosopher President Dr.Radhakrishnan (1948) said: “There can not be educated people without educated women. If the general education should be limited to men or women, that opportunity should be given to women, they are certainly the most to be transferred to the next generation. ”
HIGHER EDUCATION OF WOMEN: —
Higher education is defined as education after 12 years of schooling. Higher education for women, has received an expanded role and responsibility in the world. Today, in the 21 st century, we can not afford to ignore the importance of higher education for women any longer. The reason for its necessity and urgency is that there are no biological differences in the systems of men and women. Unfortunately, this important task of higher education of women remain neglected for centuries. The demand for higher education among women is becoming increasingly important, or the 3rd world countries where colonialism left a large force, affecting the education for the masses, and for women in particular.
GOALS OF HIGHER EDUCATION FOR WOMEN: —
To provide society with competent men and women trained in agriculture, arts, medicine, science and technology and a number of other professions, which will also be cultured people in towns with a sense of social purpose.
Strive to achieve equality in social justice and reduce social and cultural differences through the spread of education.
The need to increase education for women: men and women: —
Higher education can also be seen from the perspective of the needs of their customers. The term consumer is very wide and heterogeneous. It includes young and older men and women. In theory the need for higher education for men and women are equal. But some argue that men and women differ in their social and cultural needs.
The main argument, which provides for women’s higher education is not that higher education for women is different from that of men. Our main thrust is that in higher education, women should be equal partners. Our experience shows that, so far, higher education is still limited only to men. It must now broaden their horizons and include women. Commission on Higher Education for Women, University of Madras in 1979 rightly pointed out: “for men and women, higher education is necessary for the formation of character, ability to earn, creative expression and personal development.”
KEY FACTORS AFFECTING WOMEN success / failure in completing TERTIARY EDUCATION: —
Success:
a) women are strongly motivated to succeed in the education stream.
b) the merits of the education system allows women to Excel.
c) the prejudice against women in education has been reduced. Higher education has to be equated with the bride at a dowry. ”
d) Women’s University to encourage women in higher education.
e) Women’s expectations for education based employment is high.
g) Some courses of higher education provide scholarships for women.
g) Women students were provided with accommodation in some areas.
Disclaimer:
a) Female students are experiencing difficulties in access to transport infrastructure as a whole.
b) sexual harassment, as well as the occasional student violence hinder the completion of students of higher educational institutions.
c) marriage, in many cases leads to an early lift.
d) Gender stereotyping hinders the completion of training.
e) Financial difficulties can cause a withdrawal from the education stream.
f) Part-time work to earn living hinders research.
THE IMPORTANCE of this study: —
The purpose of the Indian society was also founded in the Constitution, is to achieve a democratic, socialist and egalitarian society. In such a society, women must fulfill their role as men. Their status in the structure must be equal to men.
Generally speaking, knowledge of which imparted through the Higher Education provides the skills for its practice. Our understanding is that by acquiring the skills of women, improving their status in comparison with men, as well as the situation in the group to which they belong.
In order to understand the situation of women, and for that matter for the understanding of any social issues, need to combine at least 3, namely the prospect. from a policy perspective, in terms of statistics and in terms of culture.
The present study aimed at finding a different reason for women wishing to enter higher education.
It seeks to find reasons for entry into higher education of women in terms of men, teachers, parents and the women themselves.
This will lead to an awareness of women in different ways their undergraduate education, and thus mark the beginning of a major process of empowering women.
To learn more about the problems that hinder the achievement of higher education for women.
Make suggestions for finding a solution to these problems in a rational and free manner.
To suggest ways of improving women’s colleges, including professional courses.
To examine the scope of higher education, where women have not yet stepped up and the monopoly of men.
To suggest suitable measures to ensure that higher education for women, that is, universal free time and distance effectively.
PROMOTING HIGHER EDUCATION FOR WOMEN
In the context of social policy in education should be improved.
Family and personal consultation at the stage of secondary education can be provided.
Higher education is skill-oriented.
Innovative programs for women, can be created.
Recent decline in state support for non-traditional higher education must be reversed.
Institutions can be physically accessible ie Locate them from potential customers, improving the transportation system, etc.
Universities should be more women, it is convenient physical changes, changes in training programs for social change.
Women’s representation in the institutions of decision-making bodies, may be increased.
Equal opportunities for commissions, institutions of higher education should be established.
The number of female teachers in the co-educational institution of higher education should be increased.
Scholarships, fellowships and scholarships may be linked to the positive action program.
Women should be recruited into administrative training programs for higher education.
A great role for women’s training centers can be provided.
Universities must provide placement services.
Barriers to women’s career entry should be removed, for example, employers must be aware of the value-free, childcare centers, etc.
Sexual harassment in the educational environment must be addressed.
A large number of female secondary school graduates, as a rule, can not enter the university. To take into account that the population would be in favor of strengthening the role of professional institutions. Post secondary vocational training institutions should take steps to encourage women to training line has traditionally been considered men’s preserves.
Affirmative action quotas should be provided in order to promote women’s access to higher education, where such quotas exist, should be reviewed periodically to ensure their continuing relevance.
Where quotas to specific disadvantaged groups like the disabled, people from remote or rural areas, indigenous minorities, as a minimum proportion to be reserved for women members of these groups.
Distance education and open learning institutions and practices should be encouraged, especially in higher education to expand opportunities for women in rural and remote areas, which would take into account their needs.
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: —
This study is limited only to women, students seeking higher education to Undergraduate in several professional and not professional colleges in the city of Chennai. The following are recommendations for further investigation.
1. A similar study could be conducted among graduate students and students of research level.
2. A similar study can be conducted throughout the State of Tamil Nadu.
3. A comparative study of factors affecting the entry of women in higher education may be between developing and developed countries.
4. A similar study may be an attempt on the various issues relating to higher education for women.
August 29, 2016 / como / 0 Comments
Off-road vehicles are designed to perform the most difficult tasks in often in the most extreme outdoor conditions. In industries like construction, forestry and agriculture, vehicles often have to navigate on uneven surfaces and slippery terrain whilst lifting and manoeuvring heavy and uneven loads. This can present difficult challenges for the drivers of these vehicles: for many vehicle operators, the chances of tipping or rolling the vehicle over are high, so obviously safety is a paramount concern. However, electronic sensing technology is now available which makes the vehicle drivers job easier and safer. As these electronic sensors can detect the vehicles operating condition and alignment, the safety of the operator is greatly increased.
Tilt Sensors Monitor the Safe Horizontal Alignment of Vehicles
Off-road vehicles often have to work in extreme conditions, where rugged terrain and heavy moving machine parts can quickly shift the balance of a vehicle. A shift in the dynamics of the vehicle or an uneven transfer of weight or dangerous alignment can cause hazardous conditions for the vehicle operator. Electronic sensors can help operators to monitor the horizontal alignment of vehicles. Tilt sensors can precisely detect even the slightest angle variation. Tilt sensors can give the driver accurate information about the exact road-grade angle, the boom angle, the platform angle and the crane-level angle. Armed with this important information, an operator can then take action to avoid a potentially disastrous situation.
Tilt sensors, however, need to sturdy and resilient. They have to be able to withstand the extreme shock, vibration, and all the harsh elements associated with outdoor use. Moreover they also have to be able to cope with direct exposure to chemicals, dirt, moisture, sunlight, and electrical interference. Therefore tilt sensors have been designed so that they are capable of resisting these elements and are able to perform in extreme environments. They are able to do so because of certain special design features like:
Compact housings rated for IP67 protection which encase and protect the electronics from chemicals and liquid ingress,
UV-resistant plastic and metal housings which prevent damage from exposure to sunlight,
Noise-immune technology which enables the sensors to ignore conducted and radiated electrical noise.
Outputs protected from short-circuits and overloads which eliminate damage during installation,
LHighly flexible cables, which are armoured to resist chemicals and perform at temperatures as low as 40 F.
Sensing technologies
There are two very different, yet highly effective sensing technologies that can be applied to verify the horizontal alignment of off-road vehicles: electrolytic tilt sensing and micro electromechanical sensing. (MEMS)
Electrolytic tilt sensing
Electrolytic tilt sensing technology can measure the tilting of a reference plane in two axes, by measuring the tilt angle with reference to the earths ground plane, using an accelerometer. At the centre of the sensors core are measuring cells surrounded by fluid or liquid. These measuring cells monitor ant change in the liquids conductivity to detect angle variations and deviations.
MEMS sensing technology
The second technology is micro electromechanical sensing (MEMS). When a vehicle lifts or tilts, the movement is transferred to the beams of the sensor that deflect to take the inertial force of the mass. The change in capacitance is proportional to the tilt of the sensor, which is ultimately then converted to a change of voltage and transferred as an analogue value to the driver of the vehicle. The use of MEMS sensors incorporating this technology are better suited to applications where a single-axis wide tilt angle (90) and lower precision (1) are needed.
August 28, 2016 / como / 0 Comments
Briquette fuel produced from briquetting of biomass is fairly good substitute for coal, lignite, firewood. Fuel from biomass briquetting is the process of converting low bulk density biomass into high density and energy concentrated bio briquettes. Compared to fire wood or loose biomass, bio briquette gives much higher boiler efficiency because of low moisture and higher density.
* Biomass Briquettes coal is cheaper than usual coal.
* Oil, coal or lignite, once used, cannot be replaced.
* High sulfur content of oil and coal, when burnt, pollutes the environment. There is no sulfur in biomass Briquettes coal.
* Biomass briquettes have a higher practical thermal value and much lower ash content (2-10% as compared to 20-40% in coal).
* There is no fly ash when burning briquettes fuel.
* Briquettes fuel has consistent quality, has high burning efficiency, and is ideally sized for complete combustion.
* Combustion is more uniform compared to coal and boiler response to changes in steam requirements is faster due to higher quantity of volatile matter in briquettes.
* Briquettes are usually produced near the consumption centers and supplies do not depend on erratic transport from long distances.
The composition of the Briquettes biomass varies by area due to the availability of raw materials. The raw materials are gathered and compressed into briquetting machines in order to burn longer and make transportation of the goods easier. Compared to fossil fuels, the biomass briquettes produce low net total greenhouse gas emissions because the materials used are already a part of the carbon cycle.
Briquettes in India helps processing of the material in pieces of geometrically regular and uniform in each case form, almost same mass. Biomass Briquette manufacturers create additional raw materials of fine materials whose use is inefficient and inconvenient as well as recycled waste.
This can be prevented by using biomass briquettes for electricity generation instead of other energy sources. A renewable resource can be replaced as needed without hurting the planet or the inhabitants. Biomass in India is now used by many companies as it is environment friendly. Briquetting machine price can also be high. The fixed costs with creating those products are high because of the brand-new undeveloped technologies that concentrate on the extraction, production and storage within the fuel.
August 28, 2016 / como / 0 Comments
According to the latest predictions from the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) price volatility, climate change and crop diseases combined with poor harvests in 2010 could herald another food crisis in 2011, particularly in parts of Africa and Asia.
Floods in Pakistan and China and the summer drought in Russia, which led to a ban on all wheat exports this year, mean that stocks of wheat, maize and some other foods were not as high as in previous years.
It has already been seen that this has led to to commodity price speculation that pushed up the prices of these grains and food by 40% in a few months and food price inflation is currently running at 15% per year.
Almost certainly consumers and shoppers in most of the world will be facing higher food bills in 2011. The FAO’s November monthly report forecasts that these factors will lead to a running down of global food reserves, which are currently at around 74 days, and an increase in prices of between 10% and 20% in 2011.
The prediction is its most pessimistic since 2008, when more than 25 countries experienced food riots after price rises precipitated a food crisis that hit the poorest in many parts of the world.
Several other factors add to the problem. Current forecasts for world grain production next year are at 2% below 2009, lower than was anticipated last June, when production for 2011 was being forecast to expand.
In addition, the FAO says, climate change and the competition between food and biofuel production means that grain crops particularly command higher prices as biofuel rather than as food.
Increasingly unpredictable weather patterns attributed to climate change are adding to the situation’s volatility and the potential for further price speculation as well as the ongoing problem of some increasingly intractable diseases such as wheat rust, a fungus that can seriously affect the level of the harvest.
The report says: “The most feared disease of wheat’stem rust has re-emerged in a new virulent form, and new aggressive stripe rust strains are devastating wheat crops in several countries.” Since was first identified the pathogen, which is wind-borne and can travel up to several thousand kilometres, has continued to mutate and spread.
While reaching global agreement on tackling such issues as climate change and combating the temptation towards price speculation, protecting national economies by using import tariffs and restrictions in a global economic crisis may be moving far too slowly to have any major impact on food production and scarcity in the short term there are other strategies that could be used.
One is taking urgent action to restore degraded land around the world. There is an estimated 1bn hectares-plus of land with the potential to be restored. Another is to increase the fertility of existing land. In the context of improving fertility the use of disease resistant seeds, integrated pest management and conservation agriculture can all play a part.
The work of biopesticides developers in devising low-chem agricultural yield enhancers, biopesticides and biofungicides, all of which are kinder to the environment, soil and ecosystems could be particularly helpful to poorer small farmers in the developing world as long as there is wider agreement on speedy regulation and licensing as well as proper training and financial support for farmers to be able to access them.
Copyright (c) 2010 Alison Withers
August 25, 2016 / como / 0 Comments
ADDIS ABABA – When global drinks giant Diageo bought a brewery in Ethiopia, it paid a premium for a stake in a barely tapped African market that in the 1980s had spectacularly failed to feed its own population.
Diageo paid $225 million for state-owned Meta Abo, joining a list of firms seeking a foothold in Africa’s second most populous nation that was once run by communists and now has an emerging middle class after a decade of double-digit growth.
We paid a premium of course and that was a deliberate decision … We knew the value of what we were buying, Francis Agbonlahor, Diageo’s managing director at Meta Abo, told Reuters in a capital that boasts smart highways and new office blocks.
Ethiopia is now sub-Saharan Africa’s fifth biggest economy, leap-frogging next door Kenya and wooing investors from Sweden, Britain and China, as other emerging markets lose some of their shine.
Few nations can better tell the story of Africa Rising, the narrative of a hopelessly mismanaged and violent continent now prized for strong growth and, in many cases, the kind of political stability scarcely imaginable a decade or two ago.
Yet like other African nations, Ethiopia must now work out how to maintain economic momentum as the U.S. Federal Reserve starts to turn off the taps of easy money that drove investors to more adventurous markets, and when China’s economy and those of other emerging powers start to shift down a gear.
That means another tricky transition for Ethiopia, which has until now relied on the state to run its economy, but which has seen growth rates slip to 7-8 percent, short of the level needed for its goal of middle income status by 2025.
When you are starting from a very low base with a lot of donor support, it is easy enough to grow in a strong, robust way, said Razia Khan, head of Africa research for Standard Chartered bank. As the economy matures … it is going to become a lot more difficult.
Dilemma
Opening up the economy, as many businesses at home and abroad want, could draw in new investment but may also loosen the controls that can be exerted by a government made up of ethnic and regional parties that has carefully managed development and kept a lid on rivalries.
That is the dilemma for Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn and his cabinet, who still work in the shadow of Meles Zenawi, the rebel-turned-statesman who ruled with an iron grip for two decades until he died last year. Caution remains the watchword.
We are not ready now, Foreign Affairs Minister Tedros Adhanom told Reuters when asked if Ethiopia could open up its mobile network or banks, prime targets for foreign investors.
Concerns about a deepening rich-poor divide and worries about changing the tried and tested policies of a charismatic leader, all weigh in to deter officials from a big shift.
But moving too slowly risks squandering investor enthusiasm and damaging the prospects of a nation once best known for Red Terror purges under communist rule in the 1970s and its 1980s famine. For now, at least, it has not deterred investors.
I was in India recently and the thing that caught me by surprise [when talking] to foreign investors [was] the country that kept being mentioned was Ethiopia, said Khan.
Diageo is not alone in seeing the potential. Heineken of Holland and France’s BGI Castel have snapped up breweries, which were among first state firms to be sold off.
The Ethiopian Investment Agency says Unilever and Nestle are sniffing around, and South Korea’s Samsung told Reuters it was exploring Ethiopia as a place to assemble its electronic goods. The two European companies did not comment.
Hennes & Mauritz (H&M), the world’s second biggest fashion retailer, has put in test orders as the nation seeks to boost textile exports to $1 billion a year by 2016 from $100 million last year.
H&M spokeswoman Marie Rosenlind said that, if the tests were successful, production could start this autumn.
Lending support
With manufacturing accounting for just 4 percent of gross domestic product, Ethiopia needs such investors to help reduce its reliance on exports of coffee, horticultural products and livestock that have driven growth until now. It also remains one of the world’s biggest recipients of aid.
No other country that I’m aware of, aside from these resource-rich countries … can go to middle-income status with still 50 percent of GDP on agriculture, Guang Z. Chen, the World Bank’s country director, told Reuters in a June interview.
China could lend support, though this time not in the usual form of donations that have helped African growth till now.
Chinese shoe exporter Huajian has announced plans to co-invest $2 billion in an industrial zone outside Addis Ababa to bolster its Ethiopian exports and create up to 100,000 jobs.
The African Development Bank says a switch by Beijing towards domestic consumption may boost manufacturing in African economies like Ethiopia, where labor is cheap and power is a third of the price in China.
Ethiopia is building a huge dam on the upper reaches of the Blue Nile, part of plans to export electricity in a few years.
Until now, the most visible signs of growth are in the capital, where building sites clad in wooden scaffolding have mushroomed. In the upmarket Bole Medhane Alem suburb, an emerging middle class is enjoying new luxuries.
A fast-food outlet sells burgers and fries for a just over $4, more than many Ethiopians earn for several days’ work. We’re not coping with demand, said one employee.
At a nearby coffee house, whose logo mimics Starbucks, hip youths in low-cut jeans sip Frappuccinos and caramel macchiatos.
The middle class is growing and is really increasing its purchasing power, said 18-year-old Yohannes, sitting near a billboard advertising two new residential tower blocks carrying the slogan: From shabby to chic. Witness the transformation.
‘I won’t be one of them’
Yet for some, change is not being felt, including those in the capital’s tin-roofed slums.
You can see it all around you, there are rich people. But I am not going to be one of them, said Elias Zelalem, a teenager who earns $1.60 a day shining shoes if business is brisk.
Ethiopia’s ambition is to achieve middle income status in 12 years time, defined by the World Bank as a per capita income of $1,430. In 2012, Ethiopia’s per capita income was $410.
Yet to do this, Ethiopia’s $43 billion economy needs to repeat the 10.7 percent average annual growth achieved in 2004 to 2011. Some question whether the state’s determination to meet this target is coming at the cost of private business.
We have to overcome poverty. How fast we should do this, therein lies the difference [of opinion], said Zafu Eyessus Zafu, whose United Insurance Company is a shareholder in a commercial bank. He wants financial services open to foreigners.
Two thirds of Ethiopia’s 8.5 percent growth in 2011/12 was due to public spending, the World Bank said. Half of spending needs are raised domestically, leaving little for private firms.
If we need 50 million birr ($2.7 million) from the bank we may get 20-25 million, said a truck importer who identified himself as Taye, wary of using his full name in a nation where the state has long kept a tight lid on dissent and criticism.
For foreign currency it is impossible. We can apply to the bank and wait a month or more, he added.
Proven policy
The credit crunch is deepened by a state-imposed requirement that each time a bank lends cash it must loan an additional 27 percent of the loan’s value to the government in the form of a low-interest Treasury bond to help fund development projects.
But the government shows no change of tack. Reining in the state would challenge the vision of Meles, whose portrait still hangs in government offices.
There is no need to look for policy changes at this time, deputy premier Muktar Kedir told Reuters earlier this year.
We are of the mind that we have to fully implement the policy that has already proven itself successful, he said.
A policy shift could open rifts along ethnic lines in the coalition made up of four main regional parties. There is little room for anyone who might challenge the status quo.
Without the force of personality or reputation of his predecessor, Hailemariam has shown no sign he has the political will or clout to veer from Meles’ path.
That may mean Ethiopia has to be content with slower growth and investors will need patience.
Ethiopia is missing out in several respects, said Standard Chartered’s Khan. But there is this very cautious policy.